Iodine Isotope With 74 Neutrons

Nuclides with atomic number of 53 simply with unlike mass numbers

Main isotopes of iodine(₅₃I)

Iso­tope Decay abun­trip the light fantastic one-half-life (t i/2) fashion pro­duct 123I syn 13 h ε, γ 123Te 124I syn 4.176 d ε 124Te 125I syn 59.40 d ε 125Te 127I 100% stable 129I trace i.57×107 y β− 129Xe 131I syn 8.02070 d β−, γ 131Xe 135I syn 6.57 h β− 135Xe
Standard atomic weight A r°(I)	126.90447 ±0.00003 126.90±0.01 (abridged)[i] [2]
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In that location are 37 known isotopes of iodine (₅₃I) from ¹⁰⁸I to ¹⁴⁴I; all undergo radioactivity except ¹²⁷I, which is stable. Iodine is thus a monoisotopic element.

Its longest-lived radioactive isotope, ¹²⁹I, has a half-life of xv.7 million years, which is far also brusque for information technology to exist equally a primordial nuclide. Cosmogenic sources of ¹²⁹I produce very tiny quantities of it that are too small to bear upon atomic weight measurements; iodine is thus besides a mononuclidic element—one that is found in nature only as a unmarried nuclide. Most ¹²⁹I derived radioactivity on Earth is human-made, an unwanted long-lived byproduct of early nuclear tests and nuclear fission accidents.

All other iodine radioisotopes accept half-lives less than 60 days, and four of these are used as tracers and therapeutic agents in medicine. These are ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. All industrial production of radioactive iodine isotopes involves these 4 useful radionuclides.

The isotope ¹³⁵I has a half-life less than vii hours, which is too short to exist used in biology. Unavoidable in situ production of this isotope is important in nuclear reactor command, every bit it decays to ¹³⁵Xe, the most powerful known neutron cushion, and the nuclide responsible for the so-called iodine pit phenomenon.

In addition to commercial production, ¹³¹I (half-life eight days) is ane of the mutual radioactive fission products of nuclear fission, and is thus produced inadvertently in very large amounts inside nuclear reactors. Due to its volatility, short half-life, and high abundance in fission products, ¹³¹I (along with the short-lived iodine isotope ¹³²I, which is produced from the decay of ¹³²Te with a half-life of three days) is responsible for the largest part of radioactive contamination during the first week later accidental environmental contagion from the nuclear waste from a nuclear power plant. Thus highly dosed iodine supplements (usually potassium iodide) are given to the populace after nuclear accidents or explosions (and in some cases prior to whatever such incident as a civil defense mechanism) to reduce the uptake of radioactive iodine compounds by the thyroid before the highly radioactive isotopes have had fourth dimension to disuse.

The portion of the full radiation activity (in air) contributed by each isotope versus time after the Chernobyl disaster, at the site. Annotation the prominence of radiations from I-131 and Te-132/I-132 for the outset week. (Image using data from the OECD report, and the second edition of 'The radiochemical manual'.^[3])

List of isotopes [edit]

Nuclide [n ane]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2] [north iii]	Half-life [n 4]	Decay mode [northward 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6] [n 7]	Spin and parity [n eight] [due north 4]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
	Excitation free energy[n four]							Normal proportion	Range of variation
108I	53	55	107.94348(39)#	36(6) ms	α (xc%)	104Sb	(1)#
					β+ (9%)	108Te
					p (one%)	107Te
109I	53	56	108.93815(11)	103(5) µs	p (99.v%)	108Te	(five/ii+)
					α (.5%)	105Sb
110I	53	57	109.93524(33)#	650(20) ms	β+ (70.ix%)	110Te	1+#
					α (17%)	106Sb
					β+, p (11%)	109Sb
					β+, α (1.09%)	106Sn
111I	53	58	110.93028(32)#	ii.5(2) s	β+ (99.92%)	111Te	(5/ii+)#
					α (.088%)	107Sb
112I	53	59	111.92797(23)#	3.42(11) southward	β+ (99.01%)	112Te
					β+, p (.88%)	111Sb
					β+, α (.104%)	108Sn
					α (.0012%)	108Sb
113I	53	lx	112.92364(vi)	6.6(2) s	β+ (100%)	113Te	v/two+#
					α (three.3×x−7%)	109Sb
					β+, α	109Sn
114I	53	61	113.92185(32)#	ii.1(2) s	β+	114Te	1+
					β+, p (rare)	113Sb
114mI	265.9(5) keV			6.2(v) s	β+ (91%)	114Te	(7)
					It (9%)	114I
115I	53	62	114.91805(3)	1.3(ii) min	β+	115Te	(5/2+)#
116I	53	63	115.91681(10)	ii.91(fifteen) south	β+	116Te	1+
116mI	400(50)# keV			3.27(16) µs			(vii−)
117I	53	64	116.91365(3)	two.22(4) min	β+	117Te	(v/2)+
118I	53	65	117.913074(21)	13.7(5) min	β+	118Te	two−
118mI	190.1(ten) keV			8.5(5) min	β+	118Te	(7−)
					It (rare)	118I
119I	53	66	118.91007(3)	19.1(4) min	β+	119Te	5/2+
120I	53	67	119.910048(19)	81.6(2) min	β+	120Te	ii−
120m1I	72.61(9) keV			228(15) ns			(1+, ii+, three+)
120m2I	320(xv) keV			53(4) min	β+	120Te	(7−)
121I	53	68	120.907367(xi)	ii.12(1) h	β+	121Te	5/2+
121mI	2376.9(4) keV			9.0(15) µs
122I	53	69	121.907589(6)	3.63(6) min	β+	122Te	ane+
123I[n ix]	53	70	122.905589(4)	thirteen.2235(nineteen) h	EC	123Te	5/2+
124I[n 9]	53	71	123.9062099(25)	4.1760(iii) d	β+	124Te	two−
125I[n nine]	53	72	124.9046302(16)	59.400(ten) d	EC	125Te	5/2+
126I	53	73	125.905624(4)	12.93(five) d	β+ (56.three%)	126Te	2−
					β− (43.seven%)	126Xe
127I[northward x]	53	74	126.904473(iv)	Stable [n eleven]			5/2+	1.0000
128I	53	75	127.905809(4)	24.99(two) min	β− (93.one%)	128Xe	1+
					β+ (half dozen.ix%)	128Te
128m1I	137.850(4) keV			845(20) ns			4−
128m2I	167.367(v) keV			175(15) ns			(6)−
129I[n 10] [due north 12]	53	76	128.904988(three)	1.57(4)×tenseven y	β−	129Xe	7/2+	Trace[northward 13]
130I	53	77	129.906674(three)	12.36(1) h	β−	130Xe	5+
130m1I	39.9525(13) keV			viii.84(6) min	It (84%)	130I	two+
					β− (16%)	130Xe
130m2I	69.5865(vii) keV			133(7) ns			(6)−
130m3I	82.3960(19) keV			315(15) ns			-
130m4I	85.1099(10) keV			254(4) ns			(six)−
131I[n 10] [n ix]	53	78	130.9061246(12)	8.02070(11) d	β−	131Xe	7/two+
132I	53	79	131.907997(vi)	ii.295(thirteen) h	β−	132Xe	iv+
132mI	104(12) keV			1.387(15) h	IT (86%)	132I	(8−)
					β− (14%)	132Xe
133I	53	80	132.907797(five)	20.viii(1) h	β−	133Xe	7/2+
133m1I	1634.174(17) keV			ix(2) s	Information technology	133I	(19/ii−)
133m2I	1729.160(17) keV			~170 ns			(15/2−)
134I	53	81	133.909744(ix)	52.5(2) min	β−	134Xe	(4)+
134mI	316.49(22) keV			3.52(4) min	It (97.7%)	134I	(8)−
					β− (2.3%)	134Xe
135I[north xiv]	53	82	134.910048(8)	6.57(2) h	β−	135Xe	7/2+
136I	53	83	135.91465(5)	83.four(10) s	β−	136Xe	(1−)
136mI	650(120) keV			46.9(10) southward	β−	136Xe	(half-dozen−)
137I	53	84	136.917871(30)	24.13(12) due south	β− (92.86%)	137Xe	(vii/2+)
					β−, due north (7.14%)	136Xe
138I	53	85	137.92235(9)	6.23(three) due south	β− (94.54%)	138Xe	(two−)
					β−, n (5.46%)	137Xe
139I	53	86	138.92610(3)	2.282(x) s	β− (90%)	139Xe	seven/2+#
					β−, n (10%)	138Xe
140I	53	87	139.93100(21)#	860(40) ms	β− (90.seven%)	140Xe	(3)(−#)
					β−, n (9.3%)	139Xe
141I	53	88	140.93503(21)#	430(20) ms	β− (78%)	141Xe	7/2+#
					β−, north (22%)	140Xe
142I	53	89	141.94018(43)#	~200 ms	β− (75%)	142Xe	2−#
					β−, n (25%)	141Xe
143I	53	90	142.94456(43)#	100# ms [> 300 ns]	β−	143Xe	seven/2+#
144I	53	91	143.94999(54)#	50# ms [> 300 ns]	β−	144Xe	1−#
This table header & footer: view

1. ^ ^mI – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in curtailed course in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ^ # – Diminutive mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ^ ^{a b c} # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
5. ^ Modes of decay:
6. ^ Bold italics symbol as girl – Girl product is about stable.
7. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
8. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Has medical uses
10. ^ ^{a b c} Fission product
11. ^ Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission
12. ^ Can be used to date certain early events in Solar System history and some use for dating groundwater
13. ^ Cosmogenic nuclide, as well found as nuclear contamination
14. ^ Produced as a decay product of ¹³⁵Te in nuclear reactors, in turn decays to ¹³⁵Xe, which, if allowed to build up, tin can shut down reactors due to the iodine pit phenomenon

Notable radioisotopes [edit]

Radioisotopes of iodine are called radioactive iodine or radioiodine. Dozens exist, but nearly a one-half dozen are the most notable in applied sciences such as the life sciences and nuclear ability, as detailed below. Mentions of radioiodine in wellness care contexts refer more than frequently to iodine-131 than to other isotopes.

Of the many isotopes of iodine, only two are typically used in a medical setting: iodine-123 and iodine-131. Since ¹³¹I has both a beta and gamma decay mode, it can be used for radiotherapy or for imaging. ¹²³I, which has no beta action, is more than suited for routine nuclear medicine imaging of the thyroid and other medical processes and less damaging internally to the patient. In that location are some situations in which iodine-124 and iodine-125 are also used in medicine.^[4]

Due to preferential uptake of iodine past the thyroid, radioiodine is extensively used in imaging of and, in the case of ¹³¹I, destroying dysfunctional thyroid tissues. Other types of tissue selectively take up certain iodine-131-containing tissue-targeting and killing radiopharmaceutical agents (such equally MIBG). Iodine-125 is the only other iodine radioisotope used in radiation therapy, but simply equally an implanted capsule in brachytherapy, where the isotope never has a gamble to exist released for chemical interaction with the body'due south tissues.

Iodine-123 and iodine-125 [edit]

The gamma-emitting isotopes iodine-123 (half-life xiii hours), and (less commonly) the longer-lived and less energetic iodine-125 (one-half-life 59 days) are used every bit nuclear imaging tracers to evaluate the anatomic and physiologic office of the thyroid. Abnormal results may be caused by disorders such as Graves' illness or Hashimoto'due south thyroiditis. Both isotopes decay by electron capture (EC) to the corresponding tellurium nuclides, merely in neither example are these the metastable nuclides ^123mTe and ^125mTe (which are of higher energy, and are not produced from radioiodine). Instead, the excited tellurium nuclides disuse immediately (half-life besides short to notice). Following EC, the excited ¹²³Te from ¹²³I emits a loftier-speed 127 keV internal conversion electron (non a beta ray) about thirteen% of the time, but this does piffling cellular damage due to the nuclide'due south curt one-half-life and the relatively small fraction of such events. In the rest of cases, a 159 keV gamma ray is emitted, which is well-suited for gamma imaging.

Excited ¹²⁵Te resulting from electron capture of ¹²⁵I also emits a much lower-free energy internal conversion electron (35.5 keV), which does relatively piddling damage due to its low free energy, even though its emission is more mutual. The relatively low-energy gamma from ¹²⁵I/¹²⁵Te disuse is poorly suited for imaging, but can all the same be seen, and this longer-lived isotope is necessary in tests that crave several days of imaging, for example, fibrinogen scan imaging to detect claret clots.

Both ¹²³I and ¹²⁵I emit copious low energy Auger electrons after their decay, but these do not cause serious damage (double-stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid breaks) in cells, unless the nuclide is incorporated into a medication that accumulates in the nucleus, or into Deoxyribonucleic acid (this is never the case is clinical medicine, just it has been seen in experimental beast models).^[5]

Iodine-125 is too commonly used past radiation oncologists in low dose charge per unit brachytherapy in the handling of cancer at sites other than the thyroid, specially in prostate cancer. When ¹²⁵I is used therapeutically, information technology is encapsulated in titanium seeds and implanted in the area of the tumor, where information technology remains. The low energy of the gamma spectrum in this example limits radiations impairment to tissues far from the implanted sheathing. Iodine-125, due to its suitable longer half-life and less penetrating gamma spectrum, is also ofttimes preferred for laboratory tests that rely on iodine as a tracer that is counted by a gamma counter, such as in radioimmunoassaying.

¹²⁵I is used as the radiolabel in investigating which ligands go to which plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).^[vi]

Iodine-124 [edit]

Iodine-124 is a proton-rich isotope of iodine with a half-life of 4.18 days. Its modes of decay are: 74.iv% electron capture, 25.half-dozen% positron emission. ¹²⁴I decays to ¹²⁴Te. Iodine-124 can be made past numerous nuclear reactions via a cyclotron. The most common starting textile used is ¹²⁴Te.

Iodine-124 every bit the iodide salt tin be used to directly image the thyroid using positron emission tomography (PET).^[7] Iodine-124 can also be used equally a PET radiotracer with a usefully longer one-half-life compared with fluorine-18.^[eight] In this use, the nuclide is chemically bonded to a pharmaceutical to form a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, and injected into the body, where again it is imaged by PET scan.

Iodine-129 [edit]

Iodine-129 (¹²⁹I; half-life fifteen.7 one thousand thousand years) is a product of cosmic ray spallation on various isotopes of xenon in the atmosphere, in cosmic ray muon interaction with tellurium-130, and besides uranium and plutonium fission, both in subsurface rocks and nuclear reactors. Bogus nuclear processes, in particular nuclear fuel reprocessing and atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, have now swamped the natural signal for this isotope. All the same, it at present serves equally a groundwater tracer equally indicator of nuclear waste dispersion into the natural environment. In a like style, ¹²⁹I was used in rainwater studies to rails fission products following the Chernobyl disaster.

In some ways, ¹²⁹I is similar to ³⁶Cl. It is a soluble halogen, exists mainly as a not-sorbing anion, and is produced by cosmogenic, thermonuclear, and in-situ reactions. In hydrologic studies, ¹²⁹I concentrations are usually reported as the ratio of ¹²⁹I to total I (which is virtually all ¹²⁷I). As is the instance with ³⁶Cl/Cl, ¹²⁹I/I ratios in nature are quite small-scale, ten^−xiv to 10⁻¹⁰ (top thermonuclear ¹²⁹I/I during the 1960s and 1970s reached about 10⁻⁷). ¹²⁹I differs from ³⁶Cl in that its one-half-life is longer (15.vii vs. 0.301 million years), information technology is highly biophilic, and occurs in multiple ionic forms (commonly, I⁻ and IO₃ ⁻), which have different chemical behaviors. This makes it fairly easy for ¹²⁹I to enter the biosphere as it becomes incorporated into vegetation, soil, milk, brute tissue, etc. Excesses of stable ¹²⁹Xe in meteorites have been shown to upshot from disuse of "primordial" iodine-129 produced newly by the supernovas that created the dust and gas from which the solar arrangement formed. This isotope has long decayed and is thus referred to equally "extinct". Historically, ¹²⁹I was the offset extinct radionuclide to be identified as present in the early on Solar Arrangement. Its disuse is the basis of the I-Xe iodine-xenon radiometric dating scheme, which covers the get-go 85 million years of Solar Organization evolution.

Iodine-131 [edit]

A Pheochromocytoma is seen as a dark sphere in the center of the body (it is in the left adrenal gland). Image is by MIBG scintigraphy, with radiations from radioiodine in the MIBG. Ii images are seen of the same patient from front and dorsum. Note the dark epitome of the thyroid due to unwanted uptake of radioiodine from the medication past the thyroid gland in the neck. Accumulation at the sides of the head is from salivary gland uptake of iodide. Radioactivity is as well seen in the bladder.

Iodine-131 ( ¹³¹
I
) is a beta-emitting isotope with a half-life of eight days, and comparatively energetic (190 keV boilerplate and 606 keV maximum energy) beta radiation, which penetrates 0.half dozen to 2.0 mm from the site of uptake. This beta radiation tin can exist used for the destruction of thyroid nodules or hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue and for elimination of remaining thyroid tissue afterward surgery for the treatment of Graves' affliction. The purpose of this therapy, which was offset explored past Dr. Saul Hertz in 1941,^[9] is to destroy thyroid tissue that could not be removed surgically. In this procedure, ¹³¹I is administered either intravenously or orally following a diagnostic scan. This procedure may too exist used, with college doses of radio-iodine, to treat patients with thyroid cancer.

The ¹³¹I is taken up into thyroid tissue and concentrated there. The beta particles emitted by the radioisotope destroys the associated thyroid tissue with little harm to surrounding tissues (more than 2.0 mm from the tissues absorbing the iodine). Due to similar destruction, ¹³¹I is the iodine radioisotope used in other water-soluble iodine-labeled radiopharmaceuticals (such as MIBG) used therapeutically to destroy tissues.

The high energy beta radiations (up to 606 keV) from ¹³¹I causes information technology to be the most carcinogenic of the iodine isotopes. It is idea to crusade the majority of backlog thyroid cancers seen later nuclear fission contamination (such as bomb fallout or astringent nuclear reactor accidents like the Chernobyl disaster) However, these epidemiological effects are seen primarily in children, and treatment of adults and children with therapeutic ¹³¹I, and epidemiology of adults exposed to low-dose ¹³¹I has not demonstrated carcinogenicity.^[x]

Iodine-135 [edit]

Iodine-135 is an isotope of iodine with a half-life of 6.half dozen hours. It is an important isotope from the viewpoint of nuclear reactor physics. It is produced in relatively large amounts equally a fission product, and decays to xenon-135, which is a nuclear poison with a very large thermal neutron cantankerous department, which is a crusade of multiple complications in the command of nuclear reactors. The process of buildup of xenon-135 from accumulated iodine-135 can temporarily preclude a shut-down reactor from restarting. This is known as xenon poisoning or "falling into an iodine pit".

Iodine-128 and other isotopes [edit]

Iodine fission-produced isotopes not discussed above (iodine-128, iodine-130, iodine-132, and iodine-133) have half-lives of several hours or minutes, rendering them well-nigh useless in other applicable areas. Those mentioned are neutron-rich and undergo beta decay to isotopes of xenon. Iodine-128 (half-life 25 minutes) can decay to either tellurium-128 by electron capture or to xenon-128 past beta disuse. It has a specific radioactivity of 2.177×10⁶ TBq/g.

Nonradioactive iodide (¹²⁷I) as protection from unwanted radioiodine uptake by the thyroid [edit]

Colloquially, radioactive materials can be described every bit "hot," and non-radioactive materials can be described as "common cold." There are instances in which cold iodide is administered to people in order to forbid the uptake of hot iodide by the thyroid gland. For instance, blockade of thyroid iodine uptake with potassium iodide is used in nuclear medicine scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are non targeted to the thyroid, such as iobenguane (MIBG), which is used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinogen, which is used in fibrinogen scans to investigate clotting. These compounds contain iodine, merely not in the iodide form. Notwithstanding, since they may be ultimately metabolized or intermission down to radioactive iodide, information technology is common to administrate non-radioactive potassium iodide to insure that metabolites of these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by thyroid gland and inadvertently administer a radiological dose to that tissue.

Potassium iodide has been distributed to populations exposed to nuclear fission accidents such as the Chernobyl disaster. The iodide solution SSKI, a saturated solution of potassium (Thou) iodide in water, has been used to block assimilation of the radioiodine (it has no result on other radioisotopes from fission). Tablets containing potassium iodide are now also manufactured and stocked in central disaster sites by some governments for this purpose. In theory, many harmful late-cancer effects of nuclear fallout might exist prevented in this style, since an excess of thyroid cancers, presumably due to radioiodine uptake, is the only proven radioisotope contamination effect subsequently a fission blow, or from contamination by fallout from an atomic flop (prompt radiation from the bomb also causes other cancers, such as leukemias, directly). Taking large amounts of iodide saturates thyroid receptors and prevents uptake of most radioactive iodine-131 that may exist present from fission production exposure (although it does not protect from other radioisotopes, nor from any other grade of direct radiations). The protective issue of KI lasts approximately 24 hours, so must be dosed daily until a gamble of pregnant exposure to radioiodines from fission products no longer exists.^{[11] [12]} Iodine-131 (the most common radioiodine contaminant in fallout) also decays relatively rapidly with a half-life of eight days, and then that 99.95% of the original radioiodine has vanished later on iii months.

References [edit]

• Isotope masses from:
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: three–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.xi.001
• Isotopic compositions and standard diminutive masses from:
  • de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Study)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
  • Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Study)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (eleven): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
• "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. xix October 2005.
• Half-life, spin, and isomer information selected from the following sources.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and disuse properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  • National Nuclear Data Centre. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  • Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Tabular array of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemical science and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN978-0-8493-0485-9.

1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Iodine". CIAAW. 1985.
2. ^ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Diminutive weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Written report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:ten.1515/pac-2015-0305.
3. ^ "Nuclear Information Evaluation Lab". Archived from the original on 2007-01-21. Retrieved 2009-05-13 .
4. ^ Augustine George; James T Lane; Arlen D Meyers (January 17, 2013). "Radioactive Iodine Uptake Testing". Medscape.
5. ^ V. R. Narra; et al. (1992). "Radiotoxicity of Some Iodine-123, Iodine-125, and Iodine-131-Labeled Compounds in Mouse Testes: Implications for Radiopharmaceutical Design" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 33 (12): 2196–201. PMID 1460515.
6. ^ Boutrot, Freddy; Zipfel, Cyril (2017-08-04). "Function, Discovery, and Exploitation of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors for Broad-Spectrum Affliction Resistance". Annual Review of Phytopathology. Almanac Reviews. 55 (1): 257–286. doi:x.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120106. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 28617654.
7. ^ E. Rault; et al. (2007). "Comparison of Image Quality of Different Iodine Isotopes (I-123, I-124, and I-131)". Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. 22 (iii): 423–430. doi:ten.1089/cbr.2006.323. PMID 17651050.
8. ^ BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, 2016, Information on Iodine-124 for PET
9. ^ Hertz, Barbara; Schuleller, Kristin (2010). "Saul Hertz, Md (1905 - 1950) A Pioneer in the Use of Radioactive Iodine". Endocrine Practice. 16 (4): 713–715. doi:10.4158/EP10065.CO. PMID 20350908.
10. ^ Robbins, Jacob; Schneider, Arthur B. (2000). "Thyroid cancer following exposure to radioactive iodine". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. ane (three): 197–203. doi:ten.1023/A:1010031115233. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 11705004. S2CID 13575769.
11. ^ "Oftentimes Asked Questions on Potassium Iodide". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2009-06-06 .
12. ^ "Potassium Iodide equally a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies". Federal Annals. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2009-06-06 .

External links [edit]

• Iodine isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's
• Iodine-128, Iodine-130, Iodine-132 data from 'Wolframalpha'

Iodine Isotope With 74 Neutrons,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine

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